RobotKernal-UESTC/Docs/UWB解算原理.md

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# UWB 定位原理
#### 1.三维坐标转二维坐标
在割草机器人项目中割草机器人目前只考虑二维平面的定位。但是UWB测量的距离是三维距离所以我们根据机器人的高度`carH`和`UWB`标签的高度`UwbH`计算出水平距离`dxy`。
```cpp
// dxy^2 = di^2 - (UwbH = carH)^2
for(int i=0; i<3; i++){
this->d[i] = sqrt(this->d[i] * this->d[i] - (AnchorPos[i][2] - CARHEIGHT) *
(AnchorPos[i][2] - CARHEIGHT));
}
```
![UWB高度修正](./image/UWB高度修正.png)
#### 2.多项式拟合
UWB的定位是存在波动的所以会根据UWB计算距离的规律对计算的距离进行多项式拟合可以起到滤波提高精度作用。下面的计算实际是收集不同实测距离下UWB的实际输出距离利用3次多项式拟合得到的结果。
下面的计算跟标签的位置以及高度无关主要跟UWB的硬件设备的特性有关。
```cpp
d[0] = ((((4.9083e-07 * d[0]) - 4.6166e-04) * d[0]) + 1.0789) * d[0] + 5.4539;
d[1] = ((((-4.1679e-07 * d[1]) + 5.0999e-04) * d[1]) + 0.7930) * d[1] + 29.8296;
d[2] = ((((2.3514e-07 * d[2]) - 1.8277e-04) * d[2]) + 0.9935) * d[2] + 9.8852;
```
#### 3.位置求解
UWB位置求解采用如下图示
![UWB位置示意图](./image/UWB位置示意图.png)
UWB的定位可以用下面公式描述, 其中$(x,y)$是割草机器人上面的UWB的位置另外三个坐标点是3个UWB标签的位置可以有如下的公式。
$$
d_1^2 = (x_1 - x)^2 + (y_1 - y)^2 \space\space\space\space\space (1)\\
d_2^2 = (x_2 - x)^2 + (y_2 - y)^2 \space\space\space\space\space(2)\\
d_3^2 = (x_3 - x)^2 + (y_3 - y)^2 \space\space\space\space\space(3)\\
$$
$(2)-(1)$以及$(3)-(2)$消去二次项,可得:
$$
d_1^2 - d_2^2 = \left[ -2(x_1 - x_2)x + x_1^2 - x_2^2 \right] + \left[ -2(y_1 - y_2)y + y_1^2 - y_2^2 \right] \\
d_1^2 - d_3^2 = \left[ -2(x_1 - x_3)x + x_1^2 - x_3^2 \right] + \left[ -2(y_1 - y_3)y + y_1^2 - y_3^2 \right]
$$
整理为矩阵形式:
$$
-2 \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 - x_2 & y_1 - y_2 \\
x_1 - x_3 & y_1 - y_3
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
x \\
y
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
(d_1^2 - d_2^2) - (x_1^2 - x_3^2) - (y_1^2 - y_3^2) \\
(d_1^2 - d_3^2) - (x_1^2 - x_3^2) - (y_1^2 - y_3^2)
\end{bmatrix}
$$
整理可得:
$$
\begin{align*}
A &= -2\cdot \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 - x_2 & y_1 - y_2 \\
x_1 - x_3 & y_1 - y_3
\end{bmatrix}\\
b &= \begin{bmatrix}
(d_1^2 - d_2^2) - (x_1^2 - x_2^2) - (y_1^2 - y_2^2) \\
(d_1^2 - d_3^2) - (x_1^2 - x_3^2) - (y_1^2 - y_3^2)
\end{bmatrix}\\
X &= \begin{bmatrix}
x\\
y
\end{bmatrix}
\end{align*}
$$
矩阵A对应的代码
```cpp
for(int i=0; i<2; i++){
A.mat[i][0] = -2*(this->AnchorPos[0][0]-this->AnchorPos[i+1][0]);
A.mat[i][1] = -2*(this->AnchorPos[0][1]-this->AnchorPos[i+1][1]);
}
```
矩阵b对应的代码
```cpp
for(int i=0; i<2; i++)
{
b.mat[i][0] = (this->d[0]*this->d[0]-this->d[i+1]*this->d[i+1])\
- (this->AnchorPos[0][0]*this->AnchorPos[0][0]-this->AnchorPos[i+1][0]*this->AnchorPos[i+1][0])
- (this->AnchorPos[0][1]*this->AnchorPos[0][1]-this->AnchorPos[i+1][1]*this->AnchorPos[i+1][1]);
}
```
那么,上述矩阵可以通过$X=(A^T\cdot A)^{-1}A^T*b$ 求解UWB的位置。
```cpp
Mat AT=~A;
uwbPos=(AT*A)%AT*b;
this->uwb_data_.x_ = uwbPos.mat[0][0];
this->uwb_data_.y_ = uwbPos.mat[1][0];
```